Glossary of terms
This page is an extracts of the Glossary of Terms and Definitions (Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Foods) (CAC/MISC 5-1993).
The Glossary of Terms and Definitions has been elaborated by the Codex Committee on Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Foods (CCRVDF) with a view towards providing information and guidance to the Committee, and is intended for internal Codex use only.
The Glossary is intended to be an open list which is subject to review by the CCRVDF in order to update, modify or add to the list of terms. Relevant terms elaborated by other Codex Committees are included. Attention is drawn to the Notes following.
Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)
An estimate by JECFA of the amount of a veterinary drug, expressed on a body weight basis, that can be ingested daily over a lifetime without appreciable health risk (standard man = 60 kg) (Definitions previously established and adopted by the JECFA, which have been modified by the Codex Committee on Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Foods).
Bioavailable Residues
Those residues that can be shown, by means of an appropriate method (e.g. Gallo-Torres method) to be absorbed into systemic circulation when fed to laboratory animals (Definitions previously established and adopted by the JECFA, which have been modified by the Codex Committee on Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Foods).
Bound Residue
Residues derived from the covalent binding of the parent drug or a metabolite of the drug and a cellular biological soluble or insoluble macromolecule. These residues are not extractable from the macromolecule by exhaustive extraction, denaturation or solubilization techniques. They do not result from the incorporation of metabolized, radiolabelled fragments of the drug into endogenous compounds, or the same macromolecule by normal biosynthetic pathways. Information concerning the calculation of bound residues may be found in Annex 3 of the 34th Report of JECFA (pages 58–61, WHO TRS 788).
Egg
The fresh edible portion of the spheroid body produced by female birds, especially domestic fowl.
Extractable Residue
Those residues extracted from tissues or biological fluids by means of aqueous acidic or basic media, organic solvents and/or hydrolysis with enzymes (e.g. sulfatase or glucuronidase) to hydrolyze conjugates. The extraction conditions must be such that the compounds of interest are not destroyed (Definitions established and adopted by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives - JECFA).
Fat
"Pesticide" means any substance intended for preventing, destroying, attracting, repelling, or controlling any pest including unwanted species of plants or animals during the production, storage, transport, distribution, and processing of food, agricultural commodities, or animal feeds or which may be administered to animals for the control of ectoparasites. The term includes substances intended for use as a plant-growth regulator, defoliant, desiccant, fruit thinning agent, or sprouting inhibitor and substances applied to crops either before or after harvest to protect the commodity from deterioration during storage and transport. The term normally excludes fertilizers, plant and animal nutrients, food additives and animal drugs. (Note: "Agricultural commodities" refers to commodities such as raw cereals, sugar beet, and cottonseed which might not, in the general sense, be considered food).
Fish
Means any of the cold-blooded aquatic vertebrate animals commonly known as such. This includes Pisces, Elasmobranchs and Cyclostomes. Aquatic mammals, invertebrate animals and amphibians are not included. It should be noted, however, that this term may also apply to certain invertebrates, particularly Cephalopods.
Good Practice in the Use of Veterinary Drugs (GPVD)
A value based on toxicological data. It represents tolerable human intake of a former agricultural pesticide that may occur as a contaminant in food, drinking water and the environment. (Report of 1995 JMPR, FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper 127, p. 5)
Marker Residue
A residue whose concentration decreases in a known relationship to the level of total residues in tissues, eggs, milk or other animal tissues. A specific quantitative analytical method for measuring the concentration of the residue with the required sensitivity must be available (Definitions previously established and adopted by the JECFA, which have been modified by the Codex Committee on Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Foods).
Maximum Residue Limit for Veterinary Drugs (MRLVD)
Is the maximum concentration of residue resulting from the use of a veterinary drug (expressed in mg/kg or μg/kg on a fresh weight basis) that is recommended by the Codex Alimentarius Commission to be legally permitted or recognized as acceptable in or on a food (Definitions adopted by the Codex Alimentarius Commission - Codex Procedural Manual).
Meat
The edible part of any mammal.
Milk
Milk is the normal mammary secretion of milking animals obtained from one or more milkings without either addition to it or extraction from it, intended for consumption as liquid milk or for further processing.
Muscle
Muscle is the skeletal tissue of an animal carcass or cuts of these tissues from an animal carcass that contains interstitial and intramuscular fat. The muscular tissue may also include bone, connective tissue, tendons as well as nerves and lymph nodes in natural portions. It does not include edible offal or trimmable fat.
Non-Extractable Residues
(Definitions established and adopted by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives - JECFA): These residues are obtained by subtracting the extractable residues from the total residues and comprise:
- Residues of the drug incorporated through normal metabolic pathways into endogenous compounds (e.g. amino acids, proteins, nucleic acid). These residues are of no toxicological concern.
- Chemically-bound residues derived by interaction of residues of parent drug or its metabolites with macromolecules. These residues may be of toxicological concern.
Poultry
Means any domesticated bird including chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, guinea-fowls or pigeons.
Regulatory Method of Analysis
A method that has been legally enacted and/or validated in a multi-laboratory study and can be applied by trained analysts using commercial laboratory equipment and instrumentation to detect and determine the concentration of a residue of a veterinary drug in edible animal products for the purpose of determining compliance with the MRL.
Residues of Veterinary Drugs
Include the parent compounds and/or their metabolites in any edible portion of the animal product, and include residues of associated impurities of the veterinary drug concerned (Definitions adopted by the Codex Alimentarius Commission - Codex Procedural Manual).
Screening Method
A rapid, relatively inexpensive, and rugged field method used for testing for a specific substance or closely related group of substances which are sufficiently selective and sensitive to allow at least semi-quantitative detection of residues in contents in accordance with the established maximum limit.
Temporary Acceptable Daily Intake (TADI)
Used by JECFA when data are sufficient to conclude that use of the substance is safe over the relatively short period of time required to generate and evaluate further safety data, but are insufficient to conclude that use of the substance is safe over a lifetime. A higher-than-normal safety factor is used when establishing a temporary ADI and an expiration date is established by which time appropriate data to resolve the safety issue should be submitted to JECFA (Definitions established and adopted by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives - JECFA).
Tissue, Control
Tissue from animals not treated with veterinary drugs of the same species, sex, age and physiological status as the target species.
Tissue, Dosed
Tissue from animals of the test species that have been treated with the drug according to its intended use.
Tissue, Spiked or Fortified
Tissue containing known concentrations of the analyte added to the sample of control tissue.
Tissue
All edible animal tissue, including muscle and by-products (Definitions established and adopted by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives - JECFA).
Total Residue
The total residue of a drug in animal derived food consists of the parent drug together with all the metabolites and drug based products that remain in the food after administration of the drug to food producing animals. The amount of total residues is generally determined by means of a study using the radiolabelled drug, and is expressed as the parent drug equivalent in mg/kg of the food (Definitions established and adopted by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives - JECFA).
Validated Method
An analytical method which has been subjected to a multi-laboratory study for accuracy, precision, reproducibility performance and ruggedness. Concise written procedures for sample selection, preparation and quantitative analysis are provided for inter-laboratory quality assurance and consistency of results, on which an appropriate regulatory method of analysis can be established.
Veterinarian Client-Patient Relationship
The relationship is recognized when the livestock enterprise, premises and husbandry practices are known to the veterinarian as a result of a recent professional visit to the site and the veterinarian is available for emergency on site consultation and is responsible for preventative medicine programmes.
Veterinary Drug
Any substance applied or administered to any food-producing animal, such as meat or milk producing animals, poultry, fish or bees, whether used for therapeutic, prophylactic, or diagnostic purposes, or for modification of physiological functions or behaviour (Definitions adopted by the Codex Alimentarius Commission - Codex Procedural Manual).
Withdrawal Time and Withholding Time
This is the period of time between the last administration of a drug and the collection of edible tissue or products from a treated animal that ensures the contents of residues in food comply with the maximum residue limit for this veterinary drug (MRLVD).